Skip to content 
Introduction
The term “Training” is usually linked with either endurance or strength.PMID: 17722947 PMID: 25417152
According to the principle of training specificity, endurance training is linked with an improved capacity for aerobic energy metabolism and fatigue resistance, also known as resistance to fatigue (the capacity of muscles or the body to perform repetitive contractions without a noticeable decline in performance), whereas strength training is linked to muscle (size) hypertrophy and increased muscle or whole body force-generating capacity.PMID: 17095927 PMID: 23395166
Benefits
In 2010, 2 Review Study Showed that Weight (Resistance) Training is the most effective for muscle gain.PMID: 19036897 PMID: 19164770
Skeletal muscle is now acknowledged as a key endocrine organ capable of secreting signals and acting on distant targets such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, brain, and endothelium. Skeletal muscle secretes signals in the form of myokines, myometabolites, neurotrophins, and other muscle-derived signals.PMID: 26527185 PMID: 24092876
Training has an effect on the body via modifying genes, proteins, and signalling pathways.
Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy is a rare condition characterized by reduced body fat and increased muscle size. Affected individuals have up to twice the usual amount of muscle mass in their bodies. They also tend to have increased muscle strength.
Resistance simply means to resist or lift any weight against gravity; however, strength training involves lifting weights in a certain rep range to prepare the body to lift heavier weights, often known as progressive overload.
Workout has no specificity; it may refer to any mental or physical exercise. Exercise also lacks definition; any physical practice, may be referred to as exercise. Training introduces the issue of specificity, such as endurance, strength, or sport-specificity.
Myosin: are a superfamily of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle contraction and are ATP-dependent.
Myosin is responsible for force generation.
Motor proteins: are natural (biological) molecular machines that convert chemical energy (Nutrition) into mechanical (Training) work (First Law of Thermodynamics) by the hydrolysis of ATP.
A cell from the biceps brachii muscle may contain 80,000 to 100,000 sarcomeres.[2].[11]
A muscle cell is supplied with nerves by a motor neuron.
During muscle contraction, a Special sense organ called MUSCLE SPINDLE provides information to the CNS about the LENGTH OF THE MUSCLE and the TENSION OF THE TENDON. A Nerve impulse (electrical signal) arrives from the CNS through a motor neuron, releasing the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE (electrochemical or neurotransmitter), which travels across the neuromuscular junction (the synapse between the terminal of the neuron and the muscle cell)).
This ACETYLCHOLINE starts a signalling cascade or signalling pathway/mechanism inside the muscle by triggering the release of CALCIUM ion channels (Stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum) through the influx of sodium ions.
Calcium ions cause troponin to change shape; this moves the troponin + tropomyosin complex away, leaving the myosin-binding sites open because at rest tropomyosin blocks the binding of myosin to actin.
When this happens, the myosin (charged with ADP+P) binds to the actin and pulls towards the center of the sarcomere making it shorter and this process makes the muscle contract by releasing energy(ADP+P). Now again muscle to contract, the first myosin has to leave binding (happens from the previous contraction) from actin. This happens when ATP binds with myosin again, but this time dislocating from actin and breaking down ATP into ADP+P and ready for the second muscle contraction. If the muscle is not ready for contraction (REST) then calcium is transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which blocks the interaction between both filaments. This process is also known as sliding filament theory.
This requires a large amount of ATP, as it is used in both the attachment and release of every myosin head.
Muscle cells store enough ATP for only a few muscle contractions, most of the energy required for contraction is derived from phosphagen, and here comes creatine phosphate to provide ADP with a phosphate group for ATP synthesis.
From a Nutrition Standpoint, Choline, Calcium, Sodium, and Creatine play vital roles in muscle contraction.
